Economics

Will farm animals always suffer?Economic growth gives us cleaner air, healthier rivers, and safer workplaces. Happier animals could be next.How smashing the NIMBYs created modern capitalismIn 1688, England swept away the encrusted vetocracy that had held back economic growth for centuries. Could we do the same today?How the Squamish struck gold in VancouverJust beyond central Vancouver, the Squamish Nation is building one of the most ambitious and unusual housing developments in the world, and getting rich in the process. How they did it has lessons for the whole world.Review: RecessionHow a grasshopper caused the 1873 panic, and why recessions are usually just bad luck.Losing my religionHow Works in Progress editor Ben Southwood learned to stop worrying and love democracy.We’re freezing our eggs; maybe you should tooScience has largely solved the problem of reproductive ageing for women, but they have to prepare while they’re young.Why Japan has such good railwaysJapan’s railways are the finest in the world. Other countries can copy its formula.Escaping the Ogallala trapThere is a closing window to stop driverless cars from creating omnigridlock.The market for marriageIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good agricultural surplus, must be in want of a wife.Why Communist reforms nearly always failedCommunism had reforming optimists too. Understanding why they failed can help today’s reformers to avoid the same fate.Why Europe doesn’t have a Tesla Europe’s cutting edge firms are falling far behind the American frontier because of restrictive labor laws. Fixing retail with land value captureHow to create beautiful shopping streets everywhere.The value of technological progressEvidence from the life of Matt Clancy.Two is already too manyEvery hundred South Koreans today will have only six great-grandchildren between them. The rest of the world can learn from Korea’s catastrophe to avoid the same fate.How to spot a monopolyCompetition makes capitalism work. A new method for measuring it may be the holy grail of economic regulation. The developing world needs more roadsThe cities of the developing world could be its growth engine if their streets were not so gridlocked. The solution is laying out wider roads.The merits of unified ownershipWhy do some neighborhoods get garden squares and graceful streets, while others don’t? The answer isn’t zoning or taste, it’s who owns the land, and how unified that ownership is.How market design can feed the poorAmerica’s food banks had a broken distribution system. University of Chicago economists fixed it.How one Kiwi tamed inflationInflation targeting is now standard in central banking. But it began with an offhand comment and a political gamble in New Zealand – long before economists took it seriously.Fertility on demandMany women face a choice between career advancement or motherhood. But emerging fertility technologies could allow women to have it all.The failure of the land value taxLand value taxes are once again becoming a popular all-purpose solution to housing issues. But implementing them in early 1900s Britain destroyed the then-dominant Liberal Party.The rise and fall of the Hanseatic LeagueThe Hanseatic League united merchants to bargain with kings, blockade cities, and even win wars. But when technology changed, defections began and the coalition fell apart.Why housing shortages cause homelessnessWhy do high-cost cities have more homelessness? It’s not just about rents — it’s also about the rooms friends and family can’t afford to share. Where inflation comes fromHow we calculate inflation has always been a subject of debate. Small changes that might seem trivial can lead to enormous changes in how well-off we think we are.How to start an advance market commitmentAdvance Market Commitments allow us to buy technology from the future to support its development: vaccines, carbon capture technology, and even spacecraft. Here’s how you can start your own.Why prediction markets aren’t popularPrediction markets are legal, contrary to popular belief. But they remain unpopular, because they lack key features that make markets attractive. Britain’s forgotten financial crisisBritain had its fastest ever house price growth not in the 2020s but in the 1970s. Houses then were also getting smaller and worse. The problem was a lack of supply.Gentrification as a housing problemGentrification can be a real problem for people it pushes out. But the root cause is inflexible housing supply, and solutions that don’t tackle that can make the problem worse.The road from serfdomUnwinding Russian serfdom took half a century. To eventually do it in the face of powerful opposition took a remarkable approach that let peasants vote themselves into freedom.Compensating compassionToo few people donate their organs, dead or alive. How can we make it easier to donate, but avoid the abuses that some fear from cash payments?The entrepreneurial stateWar is hell. But by allowing more effective states to rule productive regions, it may have been a catalyst for Europe’s early modern advancement.Growing the growth coalitionLocal government faces incentives just like everything else. If we want voters to encourage growth near them, we need to make it worth their while.How Mexico built a stateBuilding a state is not a matter of copying first world institutions. It is a tough process of deals and compromises. 19th century Mexico is a good example.Understanding the Baby BoomThe West has been below replacement fertility once before. Then came the Baby Boom. Understanding that boom may help us deal with today’s bust.Every generator is a policy failurePower outages force businesses across Africa to rely on expensive, dirty diesel generators. Price caps block improvement, but removing them isn’t easy.France’s baby bustFrance was once Europe’s superpower, thanks above all to its enormous population. Its decline coincided with a collapse in its birth rate – now we know why.Markets in fact-checkingExposing misinformation online is hard to do at scale and can veer into outright censorship. The wisdom of crowds can lead us to the answers.Advancing antivenomSnakebites kill between 80,000 and 140,000 people every year. Better antivenom should be a high priority – thankfully new technology can help.Anti-growth safetyismIs a build up of generic regulations together causing us to be three times poorer than we need to be? Probably not. But the insidious rise of risk aversion is still a big drag on economic growth.Interview: J. Storrs Hall on getting lost in stagnationStripe Press’s Tamara Winter sits down with J. Storrs Hall, whose book ‘Where is My Flying Car’ inspired this issue, to talk about stagnation and the possibility of progress.Making energy too cheap to meterThe great slowdown began when we started rationing energy. Restarting progress means getting energy that is so abundant that it’s almost free.Nanotechnology’s springNanotechnology sometimes sounds as much like science fiction as artificial intelligence once did. But the problems holding it back seem solvable, and some of the answers may lie inside our own bodies.There was no great stagnationWe may not have flying cars but we do have incredible information technology. We’re mismeasuring the huge benefits it is bringing.Planes, claims and automobilesAmericans famously love to sue one another. Are out of control product liability lawsuits the to blame for the crash of the personal aviation industry?The decline and fall of the British economyWhen America’s economy overtook Britain’s a century ago, it remade the world order. How it happened is still debated.We don’t have a hundred biases, we have the wrong modelBehavioral economics has identified dozens of cognitive biases that stop us from acting ‘rationally’. But instead of building up a messier and messier picture of human behavior, we need a new model.Scientific slowdown is not inevitableSome think of advances in science and technology through the metaphor of low-hanging fruit: we “picked” the easy ones, and the rest will be very difficult. Why Ireland’s housing bubble burstIreland’s housing bubble and bust has become emblematic of what not to do in housing debates around the world. The only problem is nobody agrees what actually went wrong.Womb for improvementPregnancy can be arduous, painful and for some women impossible. New technology may allow more women to have children, and save the lives of more prematurely born infants. How do we get there?Parenting as a public goodSociety has free-ridden on women for millennia, benefiting from the children they’ve had while bearing few of the costs. But as women have gained other options, birth rates have fallen.Natalism for progressivesWithout new humans, growth will slow, and we will be less likely to reach the stars. But pro-natalism has been captured by a range of unsavory voices. There is an alternative.Better eatsThe kitchen of 2020 looks mostly the same as that of 1960. But what we do in it has changed dramatically, almost entirely for the better—due to a culture of culinary innovation.Buyers of first resortHow do technologies get off the ground? As well as seed funding, many of the best technologies require Buyers of First Resort, which buy products until they improve enough to get to efficient scale.The housing theory of everythingWestern housing shortages do not just prevent many from ever affording their own home. They also drive inequality, climate change, low productivity growth, obesity, and even falling fertility rates.Why Tesla bought bitcoinEverybody loves to hate Bitcoin. Yet big business is spending hundreds of millions on it, helping to drive the price higher and higher. It’s easy to dismiss that as a marketing fad.Interview: Ted Nordhaus on ecomodernismAre technology and the environment friends or foes? In this wide-ranging conversation, we discuss climate policy, activism and ecomodernism with Ted Nordhaus.How I learned to stop worrying and love the debtProtecting people’s health during the pandemic will increase debt, but the economic consensus is that we shouldn’t be concerned. Why tech cannot escape expensive housingAs rental prices continue to climb in San Francisco, tech firms have looked to relocate in other cities. Without major housing reforms, the next Silicon Valley will face the same fate.A place in the sunWhile rents have been soaring for years in urban areas around the world, one Australian city has weathered the storm. What can the world learn from the experiences of Sydney?Clusters rule everything around meSome of the greatest advances in technology have emerged from bringing intelligent people together to solve problems. How do tech clusters develop & how can we use them to replicate past successes?Securing posterityNew technologies can be dangerous, threatening the very survival of humanity. Is economic growth inherently risky, and how do we maximize the chances of a flourishing future?Practical veganismPolls show that the majority of Americans want to reduce their consumption of meat, but many struggle to do so.